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The Clinton Foundation (originally founded in 2001 as the William J. Clinton Foundation, and called during 2013–15 the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation) is a nonprofit foundation under clause 501(c)(3) of the U.S. tax code. It was established by former President of the United States Bill Clinton with the stated mission to "strengthen the capacity of people throughout the world to meet the challenges of global interdependence." The Foundation focuses on improving global health and wellness, increasing opportunity for women and girls, reducing childhood obesity and preventable diseases, creating economic opportunity and growth, and helping communities address the effects of climate change. The Foundation works principally through partnerships with like-minded individuals, organizations, corporations, and governments, often serving as an incubator for new policies and programs. They have offices located in New York City and Little Rock, Arkansas. The Clinton Foundation encompasses a number of different efforts and entities, including the Clinton Health Access Initiative (CHAI, spun off into a separate but related organization in 2010), the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI, split off after 2009 but reintegrated after 2013), Clinton Global Initiative University (CGI U), the Clinton Climate Initiative (CCI), the Clinton Development Initiative (CDI), the Clinton Economic Opportunity Initiative, the Clinton Giustra Sustainable Growth Initiative, the Clinton Health Matters Initiative (CHMI), the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, and the No Ceilings Project. However, there is criticism that the foundation becomes a tool of the permanent campaign for Clinton family's political activities.〔(Clinton family's tangled finances face new criticism ). May 27, 2015 ''CNN Politics''. Retrieved August 1, 2015.〕 Through 2014 the foundation had raised almost $2 billion from U.S. corporations especially Wall Street; foreign governments and corporations; political donors; and various other moneyed interests.〔 During its lifetime the foundation has received praise from philanthropic experts and has had support from both Democrats and Republicans, with the latter including members of the George W. Bush administration.〔 Charitable grants are not a major focus of the Clinton Foundation, which instead keeps most of its money in house and hires staff to carry out its own humanitarian programs. Because of this unusual structure for a foundation, Charity Navigator, a charity watchdog, has said it does not have a methodology to rate the Clinton Foundation.〔 Nonetheless, they added the foundation to their charity "watch list" (an action the foundation has said is unwarranted, for which Charity Navigator disagrees, stating the Clinton Foundation needs to publicly address the revelations made by reliably-sourced media outlets if they ever want off the (CN Watchlist )). A different charity monitor, the American Institute of Philanthropy, says that 89 percent of the foundation's money goes toward its charitable mission and gave the foundation an A rating for 2013. Reports by Fox News and the ''New York Post'' have stated that roughly 10 percent of contributions to the foundation go to charitable activity. Questions have been raised about the foundation's financial practices, about its fundraising from foreign governments and corporations, about the transparency of its reporting of its donors, and about possible conflicts of interest between donations to the foundation and the actions of Hillary Clinton when she was U.S. Secretary of State during 2009–13 and in connection with her subsequent 2016 presidential campaign.〔〔〔Schweizer, Peter - ''Clinton Cash: The Untold Story of How and Why Foreign Governments and Businesses Helped Make Bill and Hillary Rich'', Harper Collins, May 5, 2015, ISBN 9780062369284.〕 ''(See also: Transparency of Clinton Foundation.)'' ==History== The origins of the foundation go back to 1997, when the president was focused mostly on the future Clinton Presidential Center in Little Rock, Arkansas.〔 The William J. Clinton Foundation was founded in 2001 following the completion of the Presidency of Bill Clinton.〔 Longtime Clinton advisor Bruce Lindsey became the CEO in 2004.〔〔 Later, Lindsey moved from being CEO to being chair, largely for health reasons.〔 Other Clinton hands who played an important early role included Doug Band〔 and Ira Magaziner.〔 Additional Clinton associates who have had senior positions at the foundation include John Podesta and Laura Graham.〔 Most of the foundation's successes came from Bill Clinton's worldwide fame and his ability to forge together corporate executives, celebrities, and government officials. Similarly, the foundation areas of involvement have often corresponded to whatever Bill Clinton suddenly felt an interest in.〔 In September 2005, Frank Giustra flew Clinton to Kazakhstan as part of a three-country philanthropic tour. Clinton praised that nation's president Nursultan Nazarbayev for "this statement you have made about opening up the social and political life (Kazakhstan )." Within two days of the meeting, Giustra's fledgling uranium company signed preliminary agreements giving it the right to buy into three uranium projects controlled by the state-owned uranium agency, Kazatomprom. In 2006, in the months after Clinton's visit, Giustra donated $31 million to the Clinton Foundation.〔These events were disclosed in a ''New York Times'' article.〕 However, Giustra had developed deep financial links with Khazakstan business uranium interests long before he and Clinton went to Khazakstan together.〔''Forbes'' magazine, Robert Lenzner〕 Following the failure of her presidential bid, the election of Barack Obama and his nomination of Hillary Clinton to become U.S. Secretary of State, Bill Clinton agreed to accept a number of conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Clinton Presidential Center and the Clinton Global Initiative. Accordingly, a list of donors was released for the first time in December 2008.〔Philip Rucker, (Eclectic bunch of donors – near, far, left, even right – gave to Clinton group ), ''The Washington Post'', January 2, 2010〕 The list was large and included politically sensitive donors from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to Blackwater Worldwide. The foundation insisted that the disclosures would ensure that "not even the appearance of a conflict of interest" would exist once Hillary Clinton was Secretary of State.〔 By 2011, Chelsea Clinton was taking a dominant role in the foundation, and had a seat on its board.〔 She also drove the organization to get its first outside review. To raise money for the Foundation, she gives paid speeches, such as her 2014 address at the University of Missouri in Kansas City for the opening of a women's hall of fame, for which she was paid $65,000. The University had attempted to book Hillary Clinton, but reconsidered when they discovered her usual fee was $275,000. This reportedly prompted an emailed response from a university official of "Yikes!" The University then booked Chelsea instead, with her fee going directly to the Clinton Foundation. A spokesperson for the Foundation said in 2015 that, "Unlike her parents' talks, Ms. Clinton's speeches are on behalf of the Clinton Foundation, and 100 percent of the fees are remitted directly to the foundation.”〔"Chelsea Clinton Made $65,000 for 1-Hour Appearance", ''AOL News'', July 1, 2015.() Retrieved 2015-07-02〕 In 2013, following the completion of Hillary Rodham Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State, she joined the foundation, where she planned to work on issues regarding women and small children as well as economic development.〔 Accordingly, at that point, it was renamed the "Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation".〔 Extra attention was paid to the foundation due to the possibility of her work for it becoming part of a visibility platform for a possible campaign in the United States presidential election, 2016.〔〔 In July 2013, Eric Braverman was named CEO of the foundation. He is a friend and former colleague of Chelsea Clinton from McKinsey & Company.〔〔 At the same time, Chelsea Clinton was named vice chair of the foundation's board.〔〔 The foundation was also in the midst of a move to two floors of the Time-Life Building in Midtown Manhattan.〔 The outside review, conducted by the firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett, came to conclusions that achieved public view in mid-2013.〔 A main aspect was to resolve how the foundation could achieve a firm financial footing that was not dependent upon the former president's fundraising abilities, how it could operate more like a permanent entity rather than a start-up organization, and thus how it could survive and prosper beyond Bill Clinton's lifetime.〔〔 Dennis Cheng, a former Hillary Clinton campaign official and State Department deputy chief, was named to oversee a $250 million endowment drive.〔 The review also found the management and structure of the foundation needed to improve, including an increase in the size of its board of directors that would have a more direct involvement in planning and budget activities.〔 Additionally, the review said that all employees needed to understand the foundation's conflict of interest policies and that expense reports needed a more formal review process.〔 In August 2013, ''The New York Times'' reported on the foundation's recent developments, including financial losses, staff conflicts and spending excesses.〔 In response, Bill Clinton published an open letter saying the deficits described by the paper were misleading and a consequence of the unique accounting and tax reporting requirements placed upon foundations. In January 2015, Braverman announced his resignation. ''Politico'' attributed the move to being "partly from a power struggle inside the foundation between and among the coterie of Clinton loyalists who have surrounded the former president for decades and who helped start and run the foundation." He was succeeded at first in an acting capacity by longtime Clintons assistant Maura Pally.〔 On February 18, 2015, The Washington Post reported that, "the foundation has won accolades from philanthropy experts and has drawn bipartisan support, with members of the George W. Bush administration often participating in its programs." In March 2015, former Secretary of Health and Human Services in the Clinton administration Donna Shalala was selected to run the Clinton Foundation going forward. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Clinton Foundation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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